Evidence
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- Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (SELECT)human · 2023-11-11 · n=17604 · Adults with overweight or obesity, established cardiovascular disease, without type 2 diabetes at baseline
17,604 adults with established cardiovascular disease were randomised to semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly or placebo over ~33 months. Semaglutide reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE — cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, or non-fatal stroke) by 20% versus placebo (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.72–0.90).
Source - Randomized Trial of Tirzepatide after Intensive Lifestyle Intervention (SURMOUNT-3)human · 2023-10-13 · n=806 · Adults with obesity or overweight plus comorbidity, without type 2 diabetes; after 12-week intensive lifestyle run-in
806 adults who had completed a 12-week intensive lifestyle intervention were randomised to tirzepatide 15 mg weekly or placebo for 72 weeks. Mean total weight loss from before the lifestyle run-in was −26.6% with tirzepatide versus −3.8% with placebo, demonstrating additive effects of combining intensive lifestyle support with pharmacotherapy.
Source - Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-and-active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trialhuman · 2023-08-12 · n=281 · Adults with type 2 diabetes, HbA1c 7.0–10.5%, on diet/exercise or stable metformin
281 adults with type 2 diabetes were randomised to retatrutide (0.5, 4, 8, or 12 mg weekly subcutaneously, with titration), dulaglutide 1.5 mg weekly, or placebo, and followed for 36 weeks. HbA1c reductions were dose-dependent, reaching −2.02% at 12 mg retatrutide. Mean body-weight changes at week 36 ranged from −3.19% at 0.5 mg to −16.94% at 12 mg.
Source - Triple–Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — a Phase 2 Trialhuman · 2023-08-10 · n=338 · Adults with obesity (BMI ≥30) or overweight (BMI ≥27) with at least one weight-related condition, without diabetes
338 adults were randomised to placebo or retatrutide at 1, 4, 8, or 12 mg once-weekly subcutaneously (with lower starting doses and scheduled escalation), and followed for 48 weeks. At week 48, least-squares mean percent change in body weight was −24.2% in the 12 mg group versus −2.1% with placebo. Most adverse events were gastrointestinal and mild-to-moderate.
Source - Efficacy and safety of mazdutide (IBI362) 4 mg and 6 mg in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trialhuman · 2023-05-01 · n=265 · Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes and BMI ≥25, on stable metformin
265 adults were randomised to mazdutide 4 mg weekly, 6 mg weekly, or placebo for 24 weeks. HbA1c reductions were −1.46% and −1.81% for 4 and 6 mg respectively versus −0.22% for placebo. Body-weight reductions were −6.67% and −9.73% respectively. GI adverse events were the most common, generally mild-to-moderate.
Source - Two-Year Effects of Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 5)human · 2022-10-10 · n=304 · Adults with obesity or overweight plus comorbidity, without type 2 diabetes
304 adults received once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg or placebo for 104 weeks (2 years). Mean body-weight change was −15.2% with semaglutide versus −2.6% with placebo. Cardiometabolic risk markers improved across lipids, blood pressure, and inflammatory markers.
Source - Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1)human · 2022-06-04 · n=2539 · Adults with obesity (BMI ≥30) or overweight (BMI ≥27) with ≥1 weight-related condition, without type 2 diabetes
2,539 adults were randomised to tirzepatide 5, 10, or 15 mg once weekly or placebo for 72 weeks. Mean body-weight change was −15.0%, −19.5%, and −20.9% at 5, 10, and 15 mg respectively, versus −3.1% for placebo. More than 89% of participants on 15 mg achieved ≥5% weight loss. Adverse events were predominantly mild-to-moderate GI events.
Source - Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of cagrilintide 4.5 mg with semaglutide 2.4 mg (CagriSema) in adults with overweight or obesity: a randomised, controlled, phase 1b trialhuman · 2021-09-25 · n=96 · Adults with overweight or obesity (BMI 27–39.9) without type 2 diabetes
96 adults were randomised to once-weekly cagrilintide 4.5 mg alone, semaglutide 2.4 mg alone, CagriSema combination, or placebo for 20 weeks. Mean body-weight change was −15.6% with CagriSema versus −8.8% with semaglutide alone and −8.7% with cagrilintide alone — suggesting additive effects of the combination.
Source - Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2)human · 2021-06-25 · n=1879 · Adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin
1,879 adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin were randomised to tirzepatide 5, 10, or 15 mg weekly or semaglutide 1 mg weekly for 40 weeks. HbA1c reductions were −2.01%, −2.24%, and −2.30% for tirzepatide versus −1.86% for semaglutide 1 mg. Body-weight reductions were −7.6, −9.3, and −11.2 kg versus −5.7 kg. All tirzepatide doses were non-inferior; 10 mg and 15 mg were superior to semaglutide.
Source - BPC 157 and Standard of Care in Tendon Healing — a Systematic Review of the Preclinical Evidencereview · 2021-04-29 · Preclinical (animal) studies of tendon, ligament, and musculoskeletal injury models
A systematic review of preclinical studies examining BPC-157 in tendon and musculoskeletal repair models. Found consistent pro-healing signals in animal studies (rats, primarily), including improved tendon-to-bone healing, reduced inflammation, and enhanced collagen organisation. Authors note the absence of human clinical trial data as a critical evidence gap and recommend against clinical use outside controlled trials.
Source - Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1)human · 2021-03-18 · n=1961 · Adults with obesity (BMI ≥30) or overweight (BMI ≥27) with ≥1 weight-related condition, without type 2 diabetes
1961 adults were randomised to once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg or placebo for 68 weeks, alongside lifestyle intervention. Mean body-weight change was −14.9% with semaglutide versus −2.4% with placebo; 86.4% of semaglutide participants achieved ≥5% weight loss. Nausea and diarrhoea were the most common adverse events.
Source - Example-controlled trial placeholderhuman · 2020-01-15 · n=24 · Healthy adults
Demonstration abstract for UI development — replace with curated literature excerpts.
Source - Semaglutide versus Dulaglutide Once Weekly in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN 7)human · 2018-04-01 · n=1201 · Adults with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled on metformin
1,201 adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin were randomised to semaglutide 0.5 mg or 1 mg versus dulaglutide 0.75 mg or 1.5 mg weekly for 40 weeks. HbA1c reduction was significantly greater with semaglutide at matched doses, as was body-weight reduction. Adverse events were comparable.
Source - Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6)human · 2016-11-10 · n=3297 · Adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk
3,297 adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk were randomised to once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 0.5 mg or 1 mg, or placebo, for 104 weeks. MACE occurred in 6.6% of semaglutide participants versus 8.9% of placebo (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58–0.95), meeting the prespecified non-inferiority and superiority criteria.
Source - Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (LEADER)human · 2016-07-28 · n=9340 · Adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk
9,340 adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk were randomised to liraglutide 1.8 mg daily or placebo for a median of 3.8 years. MACE occurred in 13.0% of liraglutide versus 14.9% of placebo participants (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78–0.97), demonstrating cardiovascular safety and superiority.
Source - A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management (SCALE Obesity)human · 2015-07-02 · n=3731 · Adults with obesity (BMI ≥30) or overweight (BMI ≥27) with dyslipidaemia or hypertension, without type 2 diabetes
3,731 adults were randomised to liraglutide 3.0 mg once daily or placebo for 56 weeks, alongside diet and exercise counselling. Mean body-weight change was −8.4% with liraglutide versus −2.8% with placebo; 63.2% of liraglutide participants achieved ≥5% weight loss. Nausea and vomiting were the most common adverse events.
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